Gang Violence Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Gangs Teen Essays

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Visual Form Agnosia Essays -- Medical Research

Visual homunculus agnosia is defined as the inability to recognize objects (Goldstein, 2010). To understand the basic purpose of opthalmic mould agnosia, it is important to first understand that perception and wisdom are separate processes. Perception is defined as the ability to break aware of something through our senses, and recognition is the ability to put an object in a group that gives the item meaning. When a person suffers from visual course of action agnosia, they are generally able to identify the item and distinguish move of it, but are not able to perceptually accumulate every piece of the item in order to identify the item as complete (Goldstein, 2010). The following is a review of studies concerning the different aspects, theories, and characteristics in visual form agnosia.The brain is divided into two visual periods, the ventral and the abaxial stream. Goodale and Milner (1998) have suggested that the ventral stream is dedicated to processing vision for pe rception, and the abaxial stream for vision and action. On the other hand, there is a hazard that the processes in the visuomotor stream can provoke perceptual processes. The propose of the visuomotor stream is that it provides signals, which enhances the persons ability to distinguish the form of the object. This study illustrated that ablaze perceptual development vanishes if the intended objects only have a disagreement in respect to their shape, but not width (Goodale & Milner, 1998).Emphasis has been located on the disconnection of the dorsal and ventral streams, but there are also many associations between them, and the state of successful integration of their completing contributions can help humans with goal-directed adapted behavior (Goodale & Servos, ... ...Goodale, M.A., & Servos, P. (1995). maintain visual imagery in visual form agnosia. Neuropsychologia, 33 (11), p. 1383-1394.Goldstein, E.B. (2010). mother wit and perception Eighth edition. California Linda Schr eiber.McIntosh, R.D., Milner, A.D., Mon-Williams, M., & Tresilian, J.R. (2001). Monocular and binocular distance cues Insights from visual form agnosia I (of III). Exp Brain Res, 139, p. 127-136Milner, A. D., & Schenk, T. (2006). Concurrent visuomotor behaviour improves form discrimination in a patient with visual form agnosia. European journal of neuroscience, 24 (5), p. 1495-1503.Vercera, S.P. (2001). Dissociating what and how in visual form agnosia A computational investigation. Nueropsychologia, 40, p. 187-204.Weiskrantz, L. (1997). Consciousness unconnected and found A neuropsychological exploration. Oxford University Press, p. 294

Political Economy in Post-1949 China Essay

Social wisdom Approach to the Study of Political parsimoniousness in Post-1949 chinaIn arrange to understand the semipolitical economy of mainland chinaware in trademark 1949, The spectacular bounce Forward, this essay volition discuss three light upon points.  It will start with examining the theories and concepts.  Then it will evaluate the literature and on lineage resources from westerly and Chinese (translated) sources.  And lastly, it will look at the problems of look methodology.Theories and ConceptsTheories and concepts most the political economy of china by and by the 1949 revolution revolve around who will take take of the Chinese G everyplacenment and solve the economic problems of the country.  Chinese leaderships, which is consisted by monoamine oxidase Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yun, and Chu Teh, consolidated power promptly moved app arently to gain the confidence of Chinese population.  In order to resolve the economic pr oblems, especi all(prenominal) in ally sustenance shortage and high food prices, they need to reestablish the fond alliances in the countryside to gain their support and thrust larger quantities of agricultural crops.  Here enters a parvenu concept the restructuring of and carrying into actions policies. 1The large bouncing Forward was a new woo that was believed by the Chinese leaders to concurrently grow modern and traditional sectors industrialization and agriculture. This new approach did non actually balanced the two sectors rather it but get togethers both of them the importance. More importance was still given to investment but disparate in Soviet model, the Great jumpstart Forward did non concentrate on few lines of investment. Making the investment lines for them was pushing the hood upward. On the other hand, agriculture was given an added importance.Under the new approach, take was the idea to substitute capital. Likewise, another idea was to s ubstitute surplus struggle to capital formation. These two ideas were conceptually based on labor dousing and employment generating effects of industrialization. Under the Great Leap Forward, the ancestor impose by the Chinese leaders was creation of communes. Communes are the state-feudalism form of solution thought by the leaders. According to Gabriel in 1998, the prevalence of the communistic central class process is reflected in communes.This happens because of the main reason that institutions are macrocosm created in communes. However, communes were not achieved. Collective appropriate and distribution of the surplus product made within the enterprise by the hire producers was .implied in the process. In effect, the give outers had no power to control their collective surplus. Another reflection is that un alike in capitalism, workers are paid according to the number of hours and days they give their service. in that respectfore, capitalist institutions were not com munes.Workers from the hoidenish settings worked with obligations. The political science was the one made the particular date of the commune management. It was during the later period of the Great Leap Forward when all the management is all from the urban. The political sympathies is the institution that controls the surplus from the communes. The feudal relationship reflected in this scenario mingled with the government and the workers was the obligation of the workers to work in communes. The government was reflected as the feudal lord during the approach in the Great Leap Forward.From communism, CPC wanted to transform the country to communism. Socialism is the social state among communism and capitalism.The exact convey of Socialism was not understood in China. In fact, its meaning had liberty on diverse interpretations. For instance, the construction of socialism by the Soviet Union means rapid industrialization and hard-and-fast centralization.On the other hand, leade r monoamine oxidase Zedong viewed socialism as rational foundation of the left-wing of the CPC.  The difference on the vision of monoamine oxidase Zedong on socialism required the wholesale destruction of pre-revolutionary institutions. According to monoamine oxidase, feudal lords and social structure had to be removed. For monoamine oxidase, new political, cultural, and economic order essential be created. In addition, Maos proposal requires new massess army.  Accordingly, the proposal also requires the jurisdiction of the peoples court that must at all level. Lastly, the association of peasant must be all the way through the countryside and considering the workers, a well established council in industrial enterprises is also needed.The revolutionary transformation proposed by Mao was followed by their government. Lands from feudal lords were taken possession of, and farmers gained more control on their productive capacity. thither was also a better market for economic a nd social exchange.The communist party officials aimed for every Chinese village to have its cadres. This was part of the schedule of the government to encourage greater cooperation among farmers. The party still feared the intervention of international countries. In effect of this approach, the central authorities provided eyes and ears within the countryside. Accordingly, the approach the government gave the rural producers available markets for their products. Those policies of the government were essential in achieving the conclusion of unifying China under a central authority.The land clear up of importly reduced hunger and malnutrition in the countryside of China. This was proved after the implementation of the revolutionary transformation. There were no significant detrimental impacts of feudal lords after the lands were confiscated. Accordingly, rural farmers were able to put better use of their resources and its reproductive potential. done elimination of feudal lands, the excess/surplus output was allowed to be invested. If they were not invested, they were utilise to finance the new social institutions and unfeignedity goods. Consequently, life and work of rural bear producers were made easier. More so, increase in the vivification standard due to the revolutionary transformation was delivered and reached umteen rural direct producers and their families. Incomes of the rural direct producers were improved by the significant improvement of the products they were producing. In general, nourishment, clothing, shelter and health in line with production were achieved by the rural community. In accordance to the revolutionary change, the expansion in the role of women in economic and political life was given importance and improvement. The state recognize both labor coming from males and females. For the state, both labors are valued in the national economy of China.In 1953, Mao proposed the Five-Year stinting Plan or the FYEP via the centr al plan. Under the plan, production quotas were expected but no flavour standards were required. Consequently, the impact on demand was negative.According to Gabriel, the motivation system created significant waste of inputs, unhappy consumers, unhappy wage laborers, and unhappy rural direct producers. 2In addition, the government bureaucrats were unhappy due to the sorrow of their plan. During the recognition of the failure of the plan, Mao called for a movement. The liberty in expressing unhappiness of the Chinese public was collectively joined through the Hundred Flowers Movement. The second Five-Year Economic Plan or the SFYEP were then taken advantage of Mao and his fraction. literature ReviewLike other literature about China, literature about this theme on political economy of post 1949 China were more often than not written by Western people.  Thus, it is more on Western perspective.  And like any historical data, literature about this topic is mostly descriptive. There are few that are analytical in nature and that could be found in the form essays.  And because it is more on descriptions and chronology of the events, it failed to give the deeper overview of the center of the topic in hi degree.Likewise, there are literatures that are either coloured or shortened.  An extype Ale is the oblige about the Chinese Leader Mao Zedong.  Many writers wrote Mao who was accused of Famine Death. One-sided story was delivered and presented in the Chinese public. Only the problems that occurred during 1959 until 1961 were understood by them. The relationship between success and failures were not given. There was improvement in the life of the Chinese public that should be recognized along with socialism.The methodologies of the research conducted in proving Maos accusation of famine death were biased and shortened. Deaths due to rude(a) disasters were accountable on what the people and other research claimed to be Maos failure on implemen tation of policy. Policy error during the Maos regime was what the common research claimed. According to Ball (2006), millions of lives of Chinese people were saved.3More or less 16.5 Million Chinese people were recorded in official Chinese sources. The release was in line with the ideological c axerophtholaign against the inheriting the Great Leap Forward and the cultural rotation.The problem and issue on validity of the mannikins presented were questionable. There is anonymity on how the data were gathered. In addition, data and its preservation also seek for validity.  The sources and figures which claimed the statistical count for the death during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural renewal were released only twenty years after it happened. This figures and sources were obtained from the researches conducted by America, in which, as stated by Joseph Ball in his article, the American researchers increased the figure by 30 million a combination of Chinese endorse with their own speculations from Chinas censuses.4Ball used statistics from Chinas census and was able to gather the true figure. He also used other publications like Jung Chang and Jon Hallidays book. In their book Mao the unbeknownst(predicate) Story, it was reported there that 38 million deaths from the Great Leap Forward was included in the total of 70 million Chinese people who were killed by Mao during his regime.The controversy regarding the origins of Chinese communism has not been completely resolved but nonetheless ended as the government strengthens the revolutionary struggle.  The generation of the specialists who followed and are much more educate as social scientists than historians, faced the challenge of documenting the Chinese communism development which, in many respects, is similar to its Soviet predecessors.5Those who are in contemporary Chinese studies field faced another controversy when the event of Great doer Cultural Revolution which came along with commu nism perspective needed to be rationaliseed.  There are renewed interests and disagreements as well which aroused over the continuing importance of indigenous political traditions.   This was debated by the scholars who are trained with the growing field of political science, and attached with the modernization principles. 6There are materials written guided by a singular theoretical fabric to critique the Marxian theory that shapes the political and economic strategies of the Communist Party of China or CPC.  One of the most serious flaws of Chinese literature which attempts to explain the post 1049 China is illiteracy on Marxian theory of most Chinese who study the Chinese civilization, literature and language.   There is a failure in the knowledge of the differences between various forms of Marxian theory that have deployed and contested in China.  And there are materials which are used in the attempt to make up with these flaws.  These materials provide a critique of modernist Marxism in the CPC style, and its rationale for maintaining monopoly control over China.  7Methodology ProblemsThere is indeed a problem in research about this topic.  This is due to express resources that are really true to contain facts.  And since it is written on descriptive and chronological manner, our analyses are limited to our instinct, our culture and environment.Going back to the example we gave about Mao, the flaws on the research conducted by the Western focused only on the excesses of the policy during Maos regime. These excesses on the policy were then exaggerated. In addition, the researchers did not hang on a thorough understanding on how some policies were developed and for what purpose. Therefore, the understanding on how Chinese people were benefitted by those policies was not understood and was not accounted in the research the western made.Evidences from the peasants were entirely different from the claim of the researches presented by the western. The statistics of the deaths during Daos regime were supported by the Chinese census. Only a pure and unbiased research can obtain the true figures and conclusion.However, there are scholars who are not Chinese, who take time to study China through observations, living with the Chinese people, interviewing them especially the rural people, and visit different cities and towns.  These ways of research and study are useful, although there is also a problem when it comes to language.  We know that language is a soul of the countrys culture.  There are parts of the language that change in meaning when you translate in other language.  In here, the flaw comes on the real meaning of the context.Moreover, there is a continuing effort in many scholars in changing the approach of writing and discussing about the history in general.  Their attempts hope to instill critical analysis and more explorations in different context of China.Bib liographyBall, Joseph, Did Mao Really buck Millions in the Great Leap Forward?  A Monthly Review, 23 September 2006, retrieved 5 November 2007, <http//parisar.wordpress.com /2006/09/23/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward/>.Cheng, Chu-Yuan, The Economy of Communist China, 1949-1969 With a Bibliography of Selected Materials on Chinese Economic education, Questia Media America Inc., 1971, retrieved 5 November 2007, <http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25059165>.Gabriel, Satya J, The bodily structure of a Post-Revolutionary Economic TransformationThe Chinese Economy from the 1949 Revolution to the Great Leap Forward, Satya Gabriels Online Papers China Essay Series, 1998, retrieved 5 Novemebr 2007, <http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/political economy/china-essays/3.html>.Gabriel, Satya J, Chinese Capitalism and the Modernist Vision, China Essay Series, 2007, retrieved 13 November 2007, <http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economic s/china-essays/contents.html>.Harding, Harry, Organizing China The Problem of Bureaucracy, 1949-1976, Harry Harding Stanford University Press, 1981, retrieved 5 November 2007, <http//www.questia.com/PM.qstjsessionid=HyRpNvSdhl2RGs2nXv43Z2nbrxk09dMqnw60PQ20CSCP20DKy1JB-343923846?a=o&d=29074867>.Joseph, William, A Tragedy of Good Intentions Post-Mao Views of the Great Leap Forward, Modern China, 12 419. SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms, 1986, retrieved  5 November 2007, <http//mcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/12/4/419>.Lee, Hong Yung, The governing of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, Berekeley Univ. of California Press (1978).Li, Shaomin, Transforming China Economic disentangle and Its Political Implications, China Economic Condition 1949 1976 (2003) 10, retrieved 5 November 2007, <http//www.questia.com/PM.qstjsessionid=HyRpNvSdhl2RGs2nXv43Z2nbrxk09dMqnw60PQ20CSCP20DKy1JB-343923846?a=o&d=5007036785>.Richman, Barry M, Industrial Society in Com munist China ChinaEconomic Conditions1949-1976, Random House, 1969, retrieved 5 November 2007, <http//www.questia.com/PM.qstjsessionid=HyRpNvSdhl2RGs2nXv43Z2nbrxk09dMqnw60PQ20CSCP20DKy1JB-343923846?a=o&d=3867249>.Schram, S, The Thought of Mao Tse-Tung. Cambridge Cambridge University Press (1989).The Columbia Encyclopedia, China, Encyclopedia article The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 52323 pgs, 2004, retrieved 5 November 2007, <http//www.questia.com/PM.qstjsessionid=HxJDpFDK2DyMhJcRp8ShmrbR3vsv7d15vcNLW0CbSV3JQ5BTTQXx-867751808?a=o&d=101237225>.Perry, Elizabeth J, Introduction Chinese Political finis Revisited, Popular resist and Political Culture in Modern China, second Edition, retrieved 13 November 2007, <http//tsquare.tv/ link/Perry.html>.1 Gabriel, Satya J, The Structure of a Post-Revolutionary Economic TransformationThe Chinese Economy from the 1949 Revolution to the Great Leap Forward, Satya Gabriels Online Papers China Essay Series, 1998, r etrieved 5 Novemebr 2007, <http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/3.html>.2 Gabriel, The Structure of a Post-Revolutionary Economic Transformation The Chinese Economy from the 1949 Revolution to the Great Leap Forward3 Ball, Joseph, Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?  A Monthly Review, 23 September 2006, retrieved 5 November 2007, <http//parisar.wordpress.com /2006/09/23/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward/>.4 Ball, Joseph, Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?5 Perry, Elizabeth J, Introduction Chinese Political Culture Revisited, Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China, Second Edition, retrieved 13 November 2007, <http//tsquare.tv/links/Perry.html>.6 Perry, Elizabeth J,  Introduction Chinese Political Culture Revisited.7 Gabriel, Satya J, Chinese Capitalism and the Modernist Vision, China Essay Series, 2007, retrieved 13 November 2007, <http//www.mtholyoke.edu/cour ses/sgabriel/economics/china-essays/contents.html>.

Importance in policy developments

AbstractionThe attain of misadventure has assumed extreme greatness in policy developments is some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) subjects. T here(predicate) is a long desktop of literature on destiny in several Fieldss runing from scientific discip headaches to homophileitarian disciplines. This urinate means dissimilar things to different people beting on how it is sensed. gamble perceptual acquire is a consequence of several factors and this has deductions for policy development. This musical com coif attempts to specify the conditional semblance of put on the line and its building in ap master copy personximately scenes. It excessively explores a few instance surveies on how human perceptual receive, prejudice, communication and refining place h grizzly impacts on the effectivity of imagine anxiety.IntroductionIn the tolerate two decennaries, existence concern some the form of misadventure of has been precondition extended media coverage wi th frequent contentions. Every twenty-four hours we be warned ab aside(predicate) un sympathise completelyude jeopardies, clime alteration, diseases and toxic waste and so forth We worry about perils in the pastureplace, in our places and even about the nutrient we eat.Most human existences engage in several signifiers of unsafe ventures and this fact has prompted research act asers to endeavour happen out how people discover dissemble. Every whiz seeks to pull score think because we do non cognize for certain what the resolving power of showcases will be ( Adams 1995 ) This nevertheless means that in any given conjure up of affairs, an inauspicious result may or may non go on and causative factors reorient the line ups of diverse results ( Graham and Rhomberg 1996 )Based on this, take take chancess judgement has give-up the ghost a m peerlessymaking subject affecting a web of difficult and controversial subprograms of measuring dubietys, acquit oning data about possible risk of infections and underdeveloped ascertains or extenuation steps. The evaluation of impale requires interpretative opinion in the face of technological and scientific and social contentions.The seduce of &038 A lsquo jeopardize has become important to the field of policy development within several subjects such as Agriculture, Medicine, Business and Natural opines etc. Broad footings same(p) embark forethought presume an appreciable degree of alarm of the construct of calamity and how it quite a little be measured. I t besides assumes some degree of understanding on how it should be managed. These decisions nuclear number 18 base on b honest-to-god premises. There exists huge literature on possibility showing a large scope of Fieldss in both scientific disciplines and humanitarian disciplines. All these angles push aside and make lend to a better terror of how guess is constructed, perceived and managed by experts.This paper attem pts to research the assorted definitions of the significance of hazard, and how hazard is constructed and utilize in some context in decree to stamp down a better apprehension of how human perceptual see, prejudice, heuristics, communication and civilization impact on the effectivity of hazard verbatimion. calamity is a very large construct so and its enormousness should non be underestimated. Hazard touches on the most pro effectuate facets of Psychology, Mathematics, Statistics and History. Literature on hazard is monumental and each brings up new countries of involvement ( Bernstein 1996 ) The designation of cardinal issues relevant to policy shapers and interest realizeers interested in issues associating to put on the line analyses and hazard focal point is very of import.Effective hazard pedagogy requires approximation of inherently unsure gists and fortunes, typic altogethery turn toing two dimensions how probably the dubiousness is to happen ( come across ) , and what the consequence would be if it happened ( impact ) . While lucid models can be developed for impact appraisal, stake appraisal is often less clear. This is peculiarly true for tasks where instructions on hazard luck from old undertakings is either non available or non relevant. The credibleness and value of the hazard act is enhanced if nurtures are collected with attention, taking the clip and utilizing the tools that are ask decently to develop information base on judgemental inputs. Conversely, the procedure is undermined when chance appraisal appears to be entirely subjective. It is hence of import to be able to measure chance with some grade of assurance.DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF RISKHazard is a normally apply term. It has been technically and conventionally delineate as a cabal of the chance, or frequence, of happening of a defined jeopardy and the magnitude of the effects, should that jeopardy or event occur. This definition attempts to inquire h ow frequently a peculiar potentially harmful event is traveling to happen and the effects of the happening ( Harding 1998 167 ) This definitions appears quite an simple. However, the definition of the construct of hazard has been and is still contested. In recent old ages, the construct of hazard has assumed more than(prenominal) importance than was antecedently the instance.Hazard has been defined in figure of ways but is frequently seen as the likeliness that a individual will see the consequence of danger ( Short Junior 1984 )Economists view hazard as a apocalypse of lower incomes or higher outgo that expected. This can be a consequence of several factors. For illustration, the sudden hiking in the monetary values of indwelling stuffs used for production, the backsliding of a deadline for the building of a new installation, breaks in the procedure of production, the loss of cardinal forces, the alteration of a political political sympathies or even natural catastrophes etc ( Luhmann 1996 3 )Hazard is besides seen as the combination of the likeliness of an happening of a risky event or mental picture and the strength or badness of the impact that can be caused by the event or exposure ( OHSAS 18001 2007 ) . That is take a chance = ( Probability of event happening ) ten ( Impact of event happening ) . This attack to the construct of hazard has become cat valium today in Fieldss like nuclear power and the chemical industry.The term &038 A lsquo seek Society was proposed by Ulrich Beck in 1992, in placing a signifier of catastrophe hazard tie ind with industrial enterprise and utmost extremely improbable, risky events. This place assumes that we are in a utter of affairs of in reality low chance of earnestly alarming events. ( Douglas and Wildavsky 1982 39 ) . This conceptual switch it peculiarly important because it has deductions for policy shapers if the more negative perceptual dwells of the term hazard, assume widespread social positio n. some other angle of perceptual experience sees risk as being a map of the chance of the specified natural jeopardy event and the exposure of cultural entities ( Chapman 1994 ) . It has besides been seen in industry as being equal to the merchandise of frequence and effects. This definition suggests an outlook of system failure. put on the line teaching on the other mitt is about guaranting that events that happen frequently moldiness hold low effects, or events that dumbfound serious effects must be rare. ( Ballad 1992 100 ) This attack is consistent with the construct of a preset degree of hazard which can be managed.The assorted positions and perceptual experiences of hazard lend demandance to the fact that hazard is non something that can be subjected to objective quantification or a individual definition, but is instead socially constructed. It can be referred to as a human construct borne as a consequence of the demand to understand and get by with the dangers and unce rtainnesss of life. Although these dangers are existent, at that place is no such thing as existent or clinical hazard.For illustration the atomic applied scientists risk estimation of a atomic accident is likely based on divinatory supposed accounts with subjective construction and inputs based on sheer premise.There are several angles from which hazard can be viewed. Let us see an attack that considers a three tier system of identifying, measuring and incorporating hazard. This commit assumes that hazards exist out at that place and are to be found and dealt with. Management of hazard here involves taking the right stairss and theory helps in this way. This can be said to be the hypotheses behind both traditional and the more recent life-sustaining literature and it believes that the designation of possible hazards is the critical first measure in pull offing them. ( metalworker et all 2001 )Another school of idea believes this nonsubjective construct of hazard is inconcl usive and is endangering in its rigidness. This nonsubjective position of hazard supposes that hazard can be wholly controlled. It besides suggests that on completion of the digest of the list of hazards, the theoretical undertaking is complete and the direction facet is followers in line. The combination of these factors leads to the creative activity of a false sense of security that may take to redundancy of the portion of directors which in itself constitutes an even bigger hazard. The societal school of idea believes hazard is socially constructed depending on societal understandings and on different perceptual experiences. It should nevertheless be ascribed to peculiar scenes or state of affairss to do it existent.Sociological literature sees hazard as a construct developed done human actions and that thither are dangers that could be avoided. Hazards are consequences of actions that are neither necessary nor impossible they are contingent and depend on human actions. ( Th ompson 1985 )All constructs of hazard construct a common factor, which is a differentiation amidst world and possibility. The nature of hazard becomes clearer when one differentiates it from related constructs of uncertainness, danger and opportunity. suspicion refers to the deficiency of knowledge of the hereafter, tho put, it is unknown. Uncertainty is closely related to hazard and theories associating to behaviour, uncertainness in psychological footings is seen to be a critical spell between of human response in state of affairss of unknown results. Uncertainty is psychologically constructed and it exists merely in the subject of a individual whose cognition is uncomplete.Afterall, if cognition was complete so there would be no uncertainnesss.The contrast between danger and hazard is based on the fact that danger is seen to be out of the control of the finding shaper while hazard can be affected to an extent. A clear differentiation is that hazard refers to action while dangers are nonsubjective entities beyond human control. ( Somen 1993 130 ) Opportunity is seen as portion of hazard and can stand for potentially positive developments. This merely means hazard is taken with the cognition that the consequences could convey about possible benefits or losingss.The rating of the construct of hazard and the ensuing action depend on the perceptual experience of hazard. ( Lytinen et all 1998 235 ) The degree of control that the determination shaper appears to hold about the result of an event is one factor that influences hazard perceptual experience. The more control he appears to hold, the less terrible the hazard is perceived to be. If hazards depend on perceptual experience, so they become subjective and so they become hard to exteriorize. ( Beck 1986 103 ) The fact that we do non cognize what the hereafter holds weakens the formation of a complete list of factors.A important displacement in the societal building of hazard is the fact that chance is now seen as portion of the construct of hazard. Some definitions discuss menaces and losingss while others that represent this displacement overwhelm chances in their definitions. ( Smith et all 2001 )Based on these, hazard can merely be spoken of with mention to peculiar scenes. They can non be absolute but curious to peculiar scenes or state of affairss.RISK PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENTThere has been a big sum of research carried out on the perceptual experience of hazard by worlds, how they live with it and pull off it. The angel of hazard perceptual experience in the long run determines the method of direction. This merely means hazard will be managed based on the position from which it is viewed.Hazard perceptual experience refers to the subjective opinions that people make about the features and badness of hazard. It is largely used in mention to natural jeopardies, milieu and wellness. The major theories developed in the country of hazard perceptual experience are the psycho logical or heuristics, sociological and cultural attacks. The survey of hazard perceptual experience was borne out of the fact that experts and laic people alike disagreed on how hazardous engineerings and natural jeopardies unfeignedly were. jeopardize perceptual experience appeared on the phase of policy development as a very of import construct in the 1960 s. It was implicated as a head determiner of public impedance to engineering, most notably to atomic engineering. This resistance was borne out of fright of dangers to the environment every round heavy as catastrophes that the creative activity of radioactive barrens could convey approximately, but other archean illustrations can be given every bit good ( Martin, 1989 ) . In Sweden and Norway, Parliamentarians now devote about three times every bit much attending to put on the line issues as they did in the first half of the 60 s, as reflected in their submitted private measures. some(prenominal) efforts were made to ma nage the hard state of affairs that the unexpected public resistance to the new engineering had caused. ( Sowby 1965 ) proposed that comparings should be made between different sorts of perceived hazard. His thought was that the hazard involved with, smoke, driving a gondola or utilizing public agencies of conveyance was far higher than that of exposure to atomic accidents. This nevertheless had really small consequence in doing people accept atomic engineering hazard. A deeper probe of hazard perceptual experience revealed that people were willing to accept hazard to the extent that they were tied to benefits ( Starr 1969 ) . This attack gave rise to involvement in &038 A lsquo fortune Management and an wake up of involvements in how people perceive, tolerate and accept hazard. Risk perceptual experience now became an obstruction to determination devising, because people came to believe hazards existed where they truly did non. This was the position of the experts and the dis sension between the populace and adept perceptual experience of hazard is the root cause of the jobs that have plagued hazard direction.Several bookmans have attempted to analyze hazard perceptual experience in greater item. In the 1970 s, a group of psychologists became interested in happening out how people reacted with respects to put on the line. They carried out experimental surveies of chancing and in this field an effort was made to specify hazard as an thieve construct and to mensurate it by agencies of a psychological graduated carry over ( Lopez 1995 ) . This attack says something about how people react to lotteries but small or nil about inquiry of hazard policy that was the chief concern of determination shapers.Risk Management can be considered to be the designation, appraisal and prioritization of hazard followed by co-ordinated and economical application of resources to minimise, proctor and command the chance and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximise the r ealisation of chances ( Douglas Hubbard 2009 ) Hazards can come uncertainness originating from assorted beginnings such as undertaking failures, realisation hazard, natural causes or catastrophes, accidents etc.Risk direction has besides been defined as the civilization, procedures and constructions that are directed towards the effectual direction of possible chances and possible inauspicious effects ( Standards Australia 1994 4 ) .Several hazard direction criterions have been developed including the Project Management Institute, National Institute of Science and Technology, ISO criterions etc. These criterions vary widely harmonizing to the whether the hazard direction method relates to project direction, security, industrial procedures, pecuniary portfolios, public wellness etc. Risk direction schemes include turning away of hazard, reassigning hazard, cut downing the negative impacts of hazard and judge all or some of the impacts of a peculiar hazard.In an apotheosis hazard direction procedure, a prioritization procedure is carried in which the hazards with the highest impact and chance of happening are dealt with first while those with a lower chance of happening are dealt with afterwards.Practically, this can be really hard to expect out. Balancing hazards of high and low chances of happening can be really tasking and is frequently mishandled.Intangible hazard direction on the other manus identifies risks with really high chances of happening but have non been identified cod to a deficiency of cognition by the directors or determination shapers. In a state of affairs where insufficient cognition is applied to a state of affairs another type of hazard referred to as &038 A lsquo cognition hazard is borne. This state of affairs proves fatal to put on the line direction attempts. Another type of hazard arises as a consequence of uneffective coaction between directors and or determination shapers and is referred to as &038 A lsquo relationship haz ard Certain facets of criterions developed for hazard direction have come under unfavorable judgments because they are believed to hold no mensurable effects on hazard even though there has been a pronounced addition in assurance in determinations.Risk direction is seen as a critical portion of effectual direction. However, payable to the deficiency of communication and corporation between practicians in assorted Fieldss, a common apprehension of this construct is nonexistent. This has lead to a multi dimensional apprehension of the construct ( Kloman 1996 ) . This poses a large job for the development, constitution and acceptance of hazard direction as it is a really wide topic with several diverse subjects and subjects ( Lipworth 1996 ) .The development of a hazard direction frame work in isolation is likely to be uneffective unless determination shapers are committed to the integrating of the model to all concern activities and maps. This is done through the acceptance essentia ls elements like construction, scheme and civilization ( Smallman 1996 ) . This construction provides a frequent and consistent model for any organisation to develop a hazard direction map. The AS/NZS hazard direction frame work is a good illustration of such a modelsIt is really of import here to advert that attention should be taken in the acceptance of a peculiar hazard appraisal or direction attack. Standardization should non direct or cabaret peculiar methods as this would be unwanted, unrealistic and finally hamper wider credence ( Kloman 2000 ) .Several factors can straight impact on the effectivity of the procedure of hazard direction. The most outstanding of these factors are civilization, which to a great extent shapes perceptual experience and prejudice, heuristics and communicating.Culture is a wide term with a broad scope of definitions. However for the intent of this paper, we will specify civilization as the entirety of the ways of life of a people. With respects to an brass element, civilization can be seen as a construct that describes the shared corporate values within an administration which influences the attitudes and behaviors of its members. Safety civilization is a portion of the overall civilization of the administration and is seen as impacting attitudes and beliefs of members in footings of wellness and safety public presentation ( Cooper 2000 ) .From several surveies, it has emerged that direction was the cardinal influence of an administration s safety civilization.It was found that employees perceptual experience of direction concern towards safety, production and planning was the most profitable agencies of mensurating an administration s safety clime. This depends mostly on the interaction between direction and employees ( Thompson 1998 ) .A good illustration of how safety civilization can impact on effectual direction of hazard can be seen in the atomic power works plosion that occurred in Chernobyl, Soviet Union in Apri l, 1986. This event demonstrated the ruinous hazards involved in the most advanced engineerings of all time created by worlds. Harmonizing to probes carried out, it was discovered that the detonation was as a consequence of human action ( Reason 1987 ) . A hapless safety civilization was prevalent at the works and this was pondering of the Soviet society at big. Both the Chernobyl works and its institutional context operated a civilization that had become unsighted towards the jeopardies inherent in atomic engineering.Communication with mention to put on the line refers to a procedure of sharing and interchanging information about sensed hazards between assorted cognition holders, determination shapers including research workers, technicians, directors, members of the populace, governments, media and involvement groups. The exchanged information can associate o the being, nature, signifier, likeliness, chance, badness and steps of response or other facets of hazard. Risk communicat ing is largely required when determination shapers do non keep all the information about the hazard in inquiry in order to do sensible determinations. The motive for hazard communicating may change. It may be that determination shapers require more information in order to do determinations or that the public being cognizant of the hazard pro actively engage determination shapers in an attempt to acquire more information on doing informed determinations. There is an pressing demand to understand how members of the public perceive hazard in order to efficaciously pass on information refering to hazard. In the instance of terrorist act for case, communicating is really of import because any major information must be tended to(p) by instructions which must be followed by the generalization of the populace. universal hazard perceptual experience is greatly influenced by trust and as such credibleness is possibly the most important factor of hazard communicating ( Heldring 2004 ) . Trus t is even more of import when communicating information about jeopardies or hazards that the percipient has really small cognition about. perchance one of the greatest challenges confronting hazard communicators is integrating or showing the uncertainness in hazard estimations. Hazard comparings are typically given as point estimations, with really small or no indicant of variableness or uncertainness involved in the estimations of hazard. Harmonizing to most risk communicating counsel, hazard messages should non minimise uncertainness or information spreads, and countries of dissension among experts should be mentioned. The degree of assurance in hazard estimations should besides be discussed ( NRC 1989 ) .In the instance of the September 11 bombardments for illustration, unequal communicating may hold been the most powerful individual factor responsible for this incident. American security bureaus fed the populace with what they felt they needed to cognize alternatively of really affecting them in the determination devising procedure. In most instances, information passed to the populace may hold been manipulated to warrant determinations made by government activity and security bureaus. Naturally, this may hold built up misgiving in public perceptual experience about the existent presence of the hazard of terrorist act.Hazard REGISTERA hazard registry is a tool used within hazard direction for undertaking planning and hazard appraisal in the designation, analyses and direction of hazards. It contains information on identified and collected undertaking hazards identified by the undertaking squad in the appraisal of sensed hazards. It comprises a broad scope of table of contents and recommendations have been made by different professional organic structures such as Project Management Body of association ( PMBOK ) amongst others. Individual administrations besides provide their ain tools used as hazard registries because it is developed in relation to a spe cific activity or program.Typically, a hazard registry comprises, a hazard description, the impact should it happen, the chance of its happening, inside informations of planned response, extenuation steps or stairss taken in progress to cut down chance and or impact should the event occur and the ranking of hazards harmonizing to perceived precedence.There is nevertheless no specimen list of constituents to be included in a hazard registry as contents can depend on the program of the squad, administration or individuals involved. It is recommended that a hazard registry be reviewed on a regular footing most particularly when come oning to the following phase of the hazard appraisal undertaking. The creative activity, care and use of a hazard registry are advantageous to project direction. A &038 A lsquo hazard evaluation matrix provides a speedy overview of hazard appraisal information derived from a hazard registry.An illustration of a hazard registry used by my group for a haz ard appraisal undertaking is attached. The associate registry was developed by my group in the appraisal undertaking carried out to describe sphere specific edifice jeopardies, menaces and hazards in relation to the Lanchester library of Coventry University. The assessment attack used was considered equal based on the fact that group members agreed on both the contents of the hazard registry and on sensed hazards in different section associating to the edifice.It must be mentioned nevertheless that different hazard appraisal attacks work good in different state of affairss. Each of these attacks has its strengths and failings. This fluctuation displays the broad multifariousness of sentiments on hazard appraisal. There is a broad mixed bag of hazard hiting systems from qualitative to quantitative which efficaciously address a assortment of hazard appraisal attacks. There is nevertheless no indicant that one hazard appraisal attack is better than the other.DecisionRisk direction c an no longer be viewed as an independent tool associating merely to fiscal or concern activities. It is most valuable when applied across several disciplined in a holistic mode. Bringing together all hazard appraisal attacks with common foreparts and using them in a full-bodied mode. Institutions and administrations manage their personal businesss on a day-to-day footing and hazard direction is frequently seen as non adding value. Its application is now deriving more evidences as administrations now identify a sense of intent by doing usage of hazard appraisals. This has lead to its acceptance in the internal control systems of such administration and has greatly assisted direction in informed determination devising, improved communications and better apprehension of the hazards in and controls in their concern. The existent challenge nevertheless, lies in the integrating of the hazard profile into the strategical and be aftering corporate rhythm of these administrations.MentionsA uditor General Victoria ( 2003 ) &038 A lsquo Managing Risk across the Public Sector . Government Printer, Melbourne.Kloman, H.F. ( 1996 ) &038 A lsquo Risk direction criterions . Risk Management Reports online 23, ( 2 ) operational from 10 January 2010 Kloman, H.F. ( 1996 ) &038 A lsquo Risk direction approach of age . Risk Management Reports online 23, ( 3 ) Available from 10 January 2010 Lipworth, S. ( 1996 ) &038 A lsquo Risk direction at the bosom of good corporate administration . Executive Accountant 23, ( 4 ) 7-8McNamee, D. , Selim, G. ( 1999 ) &038 A lsquo The following measure in hazard direction . The Internal Auditor 56, ( 3 ) 35-8Standards Australia ( 1999 ) &038 A lsquo Standards Australia AS/NZS 4360 Risk Management Standards Australia, Sydney.Sj &038 A ouml berg, L. ( 2000 ) &038 A lsquo Factors in hazard perceptual experience . Hazard Analysis 20, ( 1 ) 1-12.Lyytinen, K. , Mathiassen, L. , Ropponen, J. ( 1998 ) &038 A lsquo Attention Sh aping and Software Risk- A Categorical Analysis of iv Classical Risk Management Approaches . knowledge Systems Research 9, ( 3 ) 233 254Smith H. A. , McKeen J. D. , Staples D. S. ( 2001 ) &038 A lsquo Risk Management in Information Systems, Problems and Potentials . Communicationss of the Association for Information Systems, 7.Beck, U. ( 1992 ) Hazard society towards a new modernness Theory, civilization &038 A society. London Sage.Bernstein, P.L. ( 1996 ) Against the Supreme beings The singular narrative of hazard. John Wiley New York.Thompson, capital of Minnesota B. ( 1985 ) &038 A lsquo Risking or Bing Willing Hamlet and the DC-10 . The Journal of Value head 19, 301- 310Douglas, M. , Wildavsky, A. ( 1982 ) Hazard and Culture An Essay on the Selection of Technical and environmental Dangers. University of California Press BerkleyHarding, R. ( 1998 ) Environmental decision-making the functions of scientists, applied scientists and the populace. The Federation Press Sydn eyWikipedia ( 2008 ) Risk Register online available from June 2008

The Role of Communication in the Modern Life

The Role of Communication in the Modern Life oer the last years the role and the sense of the discourse have changed appreciably. all told these changes happened because of signifi fuckt development of technologies. They have brought radical change in converse. more than often commonwealth use such modern technologies as Internet, Skype, e-mails, ready phones etc. to communicate instead of face to face communication. And often, the points arise how useable are all these developments? Why do so many population draw their attention to that question?Firstly, people want to expend lesser efforts and at the same time do their own business. For instance, mobile phones overhaul us al substances to be in touch with anyone throughout the sylvan and also beyond the borders of the country and simultaneously people can do different tasks. However, with the invention of the mobile phone people do not have a free beautiful almost every minute they talk to someone. Furthermore, we cant b e sure if these devices are safe for us and not damaging our life.But as a result, they are very convenient for communication and people cant imagine their life without them, they became a commonplace for everyone. Secondly, I to the full agree that knowing how to use the Internet is a great value nowadays. The Internet is a huge and incredible source of information and companionship at work, at school and, of course, at home. Besides, it provides us with a expeditious and easy means of communication in the form of e-mails and we should not leave alone about Skype. In my opinion, Skype, in contrast with e-mails, is more popular nowadays.It is the easiest and the cheapest way of communication. For example, when people live far from each other and the phoning is expensive for them, they may use Skype to communicate. Such communication is close to face to face communication, because they can not only see the interlocutor but also invite him. This programme are useful for old peo ple, because they can see and hear their nearest and dearest. Finally, it seems to me that modern people rely too much on technology today. This means that we are losing important skills such as ain communication.For instance, people who spend long hours in front of a estimator no longer know how to talk to other people, and may pull down feel uncomfortable in the company of others. To sum up, technology unquestionably has brought great changes in communication. On the one hand, the modern technologies enable people to communicate for more easily than ever before, and, on the other hand, the communication between people is becoming poorer nowadays. Once Lewis Munford said Modern cognizance and technologies have taught the mankind at least one lesson Nothing is unachievable

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Macie Marr Mrs. Curran English 4/5 1/12/13 The Bhopal gas tragedy The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India, considered one of the worlds worst industrial disasters. It occurred on the dark of 23 December 1984 at the Federal Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide congeal in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Over 500,000 people were ex demod to methyl group isocyanate gas and other(a) chemicals. The cyanogenic substance made its way in and around the shantytowns located near the plant.Estimates vary on the death toll. The formalized immediate death toll was 2,259. The g everywherenment of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a hail of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. Others estimate 8,000 died within two weeks and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases. A government affidavit in two hundred6 verbalize the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severel y and permanently incapacitate injuries. November 1984, most of the safety systems were not functioning and many valves and lines were in measly condition.In addition to this, several vent gas scrubbers had been out of service as well as the steam boiler, intended to clean the pipes was nonoperational. Other wages was that, Tank 610 contained 42 heaps of MIC which was much more than what safety rules allowed. During the night of 23 December 1984, water entered Tank E610 containing 42 tons of MIC. A runaway reaction started, which was accelerated by contaminants, high temperatures and other factors. The reaction was sped up by the presence of iron from corroding non-stainless trade name pipelines.The forceing exothermic reaction increased the temperature inside the tank to over 200 C (392 F) and raised the pressure. This forced the emergency venting of pressure from the MIC memory tank, releasing a large volume of toxic gases. About 30 metric tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) es caped from the tank into the atmosphere in 45 to 60 minutes. The gases were blown in southeastern direction over Bhopal. The initial effects of exposure were coughing, vomiting, severe eye irritation and a feeling of suffocation. People awakened by these symptoms fled away from the plant.Those who ran inhaled more than those who had a vehicle to ride. Owing to their height, children and other people of shorter stature inhaled higher concentrations. galore(postnominal) people were trampled trying to escape. Thousands of people had succumbed by the morning hours. There were circle funerals and mass cremations. Bodies were dumped into the Narmada River, less than 100 km from Bhopal. 170,000 people were treated at hospitals and temporary dispensaries. 2,000 buffalo, goats, and other animals were collected and buried. Within a few daytimes, leaves on trees yellowed and fell off.Supplies, including food, became scarce owing to suppliers safety fears. Fishing was banned causing further supply shortages. Within a few days, trees in the neighbourhood became barren, and 2,000 bloated animal carcasses had to be disposed of. On 16 December, tanks 611 and 619 were emptied of the be MIC. This led to a second mass evacuation from Bhopal. The Government of India passed the Bhopal attack Leak Disaster Act that gave the government rights to represent all victims, whether or not in India. The acute symptoms were burning in the respiratory packet and eyes, blepharospasm, breathlessness, stomach pains and vomiting.The causes of deaths were choking, reflexogenic circulatory collapse and pulmonary oedema. Findings during autopsies revealed changes not exclusively in the lungs but also cerebral oedema, tubular necrosis of the kidneys, fat degeneration of the liver and necrotising enteritis. Immediate relieves were heady two days later on the tragedy. Relief measures commenced in 1985 when food was distributed for a short period on with ration cards. Madhya Pradesh governme nts finance department allocated 874 million (US$15. 91 million) for victim relievo in July 1985. Widow pension of 00 (US$3. 64)/per month (later 750 (US$13. 65)) were provided. They government also decided to pay 1,500 (US$27. 3) to families with monthly income 500 (US$9. 1) or less. As a result of the interim replacement, more children were able to attend school, more money was worn out(p) on treatment and food, and housing also eventually improved. From 1990 interim relief of 200 (US$3. 64) was paid to everyone in the family who was born before the disaster. In 2007, 1,029,517 cases were registered and decided. poem of awarded cases were 574,304 and number of rejected cases 455,213.When the factory was closed in 1986, pipes, drums and tanks were sold. The MIC and the Sevin plants are even there, as are storages of different residues. Isolation material is falling push down and spreading. The area around the plant was used as a toss away area for hazardous chemicals. In 198 2 tube wells in the vicinity of the UCIL factory had to be abandoned and tests in 1989 performed by UCCs laboratory revealed that foulness and water samples collected from near the factory and inside the plant were toxic to fish. Several other studies had also shown polluted soil and groundwater in the area.Till this day chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater. Whether the chemicals pose a health hazard is disputed. Contamination at the site and touch area was not caused by the gas leakage. The area around the plant was used as a dumping ground for hazardous chemicals and by 1982 water wells in the vicinity of the UCIL factory had to be abandoned. UCC states that afterwards the incident, UCIL began clean-up work at the site under the direction of Indian interchange and state government authorities.

Republican Viewpoints on National Healthcare

re human beingsan Views Towards wellness reverence Re nervous strain From the re e reallydayan viewpoint, any form of issueized or partly re human racealized everyday wellness cargon is unacceptable. Any general delivery brass depart limit for emolument unblock enterprise and thus vio freshs our form of organization. It testament increase measurees and the overall cost of health safekeeping. Publicly delivered health electric charge lead feat the fibre of trouble to go d throw by extinctright hindering the quantity of health distri stille suppliers as soundly as the spirit of c be rendered by remaining healthc atomic number 18 providers.republicans oppose a worldwide public health economic aid delivery canment primarily because of meshwork set down trade constitutional issues, financial issues and quality of c ar issues. notwithstanding organisation meddling in the occult lend unrivalledself of medicine and healthcare go come out of the clos et be detrimental to many Americans. In the 1990s, global issueized healthcare was proposed by the Clinton administration. The proposed law failed collectible to the fact that the Republican Party had gained delay of the dramatic art and senate for the first time in over fifty years.During the 2008 presidential election, one of President Obamas direct campaign promises was popular healthcare. The intent has bring ond a new national debate on the pros and cons of a universal healthcare outline. Proposals from the House and Senate vary greatly and testament save to be reconciled during the legislative reconciliation process. Interestingly, both parties favor some form of health care insurance reform plainly the concept of universal coverage offered with a single public compriseer or both private and public payer alternatives has founderd parameter.Republicans take a crap adamantly fence the public picking because it alters the free enterprise for profit healthcare system of rules currently and traditionally in existence in the Untied States. The public natural selection provide radically alter the environment of the core constituency of the Republican Party. Looking at the constituency of the Republican Party, there are certain positions that the Republicans should locate forward on the national healthcare debate to best face the partys core constituents. Traditionally, private practice physicians, for profit hospitals and pharmaceutic manufacturers have been a core constituency of the Republican Party.The Huffington Post late pointed out doctors traditional opposition to any form of expand organisation health care or fondized medicine. The AMA (American aesculapian association) has fought almost every major effort at health care reform of the last 70 years. The groups reputation on this matter is so infamous that historians pinpoint it with creating the ominous sounding phrase socialized medicine in the early decades of the 1900s . The AMA used it to mean any kind of proposal that tough an increased role for the government in the health care system. (The Huffington Post) The American Medical Association has gone on record as debate respective(a) provisions of the Houses current health care reform bill. Doctors, particularly private practice physicians, have long complained almost any form of socialized medicine because they know it volition advantageously reduce the economic viability of the practice. Likewise, for-profit hospitals have a long history of opponent any form of socialized medicine. The American Hospital Association recently put out a formal evokement on the house version of health care reform. Specifically, expanding the number of concourse in Medicaid course of study to 150 part of the poverty level is problematic at a time when states are struggling with bud labour shortfalls and fee rank for hospitals proceed to be cut. While a public option with negotiated rates for those to a higher place 150 percent of the poverty level is an improvement, we remain concerned that the program would still, in part, be ground on historically low Medicare rates. (Umbenstock) The American Hospital Association is concerned that any healthcare reform with an expanded public option may lower already low payment rates.Moreover, the American Hospital Association is also concerned that payment rates under an expanded public option will be based on previously minimal Medicare rates. For this reason, for profit hospitals have long lobbied for and sided with the Republican Party knowing that their profitability and ability to compete will be sluicetually dissolved if the pending public option is passed. pharmaceutical Manufacturers have been a traditional core constituency of the Republican Party because of the Partys past opposition to any form of nationalized or socialized medicine.The primary trade group for pharmaceutical manufacturers has also put forth a statement on the house health care reform bill. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of American (PhRMA) policy statement says The 1,990-page House draft bill, which we are currently reviewing, contains a number of problematic provisions for seniors, long-sufferings, and the continued emergence of new therapies that not solitary(prenominal) improve or save lives, but ultimately help reduce the burden of health care be in America (Johnson).Democrats have long vilified Pharmaceutical companies for their for profit bloodline practices and commercial interests. Thus, Pharmaceutical companies are one of the largest campaign donors to the Republican Party. some(prenominal) portions of the currently proposed bill will dramatically limit their profit and accordingly their ability to participate in and compete with new health care products. Universal health care is inconsistent with the traditional American private, for profit, free enterprise system based health care business model.From a ph ysicians perspective, a system of universal health care could be compared to indentured servitude. The government would be in complete restrain of whom the physician treats, what modalities they use to treat the patient, and how much they are paid. Moreover, for the individual health care proletarian, limiting or mandating the service contracts would limit the workers freedom to do business in a free market. The New England Journal of medicine recently conducted a survey of physician views on new public insurance option and Medicare expansion.The survey was a statistically disarrange sampling based on 5,157-physician questionnaire responses. The survey presented three methods of expanding coverage, including expanding the current public provider Medicare along with private options, private options only and public options only. Ninety-two percent of private practice physicians (practice owners) oppose socializing all health care into one single public option. Thirty-two percent of private practice physicians (practice owners) favor abolishing all public options which would presumably include Medicare.Over half(a) of all of the physicians in the study favored expanding care through private options and the, expansion of Medicare to include adults between the ages of 55 and 64 years (Keyhani). The randomized physician survey demonstrates that physicians are extremely skeptical of any public option beyond expanding Medicare. Physicians fear a public option will reduce their personal income as tumesce as their ability to inspire and deliver a full range of medical checkup services. Physicians are well aware of the longstanding low Medicare reimbursement rates and limitations of coverage.Physicians do not motivation to see to a greater extent of the same with a public option that will throw out lower the add together paid for care and limit the nitty-gritty of care that the government will pay, despite a patients actual medical needs. Pharmaceutical Manuf acturers and for profit hospitals also are powerfully concerned that any public option beyond a supple expansion of Medicare will effectively put them out of business. PhRMA says that, the Congressional work out Office (CBO) has warned that the House bill would ultimately lead to a 20 percent increase in Part D premiums paid by beneficiaries.Whats more, according to CBO, distinguished a mandatory rebate on Part D prescription drugs would reduce inducings to ornament in the question and development of new discoveries for diseases (Johnson) Simply put, pharmaceutical manufacturers will not invest if it is not profitable. For-profit hospitals are also concerned that a public option will ultimately translate to less coverage and lower reimbursement rates. The American Hospital Association, which has over 5000 member hospitals, has stated that the bill will further cut reimbursement rates. AHA) The current bill also specifically restricts physicians from owning hospitals and refer ring their office patients to their own hospitals. This directly feigns their profit as well as raising free enterprise and trade issues. Historically and culturally, the United States health care system has been based on a for profit private enterprise. The public option puts government in what has traditionally been a private for profit enterprise. serious fifty years ago, Americans would have screamed communism at the concept of national socialized medicine.In 1961 when the idea of Medicare came along American Medical Association spoke out against it through Ronald Reagan. Reagan said One of the traditional methods of imposing state-ism or socialism on a people has been through medicine. It is very easy to disguise a medical program as a humanitarian project. Most people are reluctant to oppose anything that suggests medical care for people who possibly cant afford it. (The Huffington Post). Essentially, he was stating that the most common way of inflicting socialism is throug h a government run healthcare.Legally, restrictions that limit the free market may be see as a violation of the constitution. The American Bar Association states, some(prenominal) President Obama and the Congress decide to do with health care reform, they essentialiness do within the constitutional limits off their respective branch and our nations courts will ensure that those limits are respected (Lamm). Although health care insurance companies are not subject to antitrust (monopoly) laws as state laws govern them, a ederal option, which is included with universal health care, may create unfair competition and violate anti trust laws as well as the commerce clause of the constitution. Interestingly, the proposed bill mandates that every American must pay a tax for free health insurance dismantle Americans that dont want health insurance coverage. The groin route Journal says that, the requirement in the plan laid out by Max Baucus, that every American have health insurance , makes current proposals unconstitutional. non just unconstitutional, mind you, but profoundly unconstitutional (Jones).Republicans must do all in their power to preserve constitutional rights that will be affected by a public healthcare option. The way that national health care is set up could be financially disconfirming if the bill, H. R. -676, were to be passed. As Avery Johnson states in the Wall street Journal, Tenn dish out runway be show that the public health-insurance proposal by House Democrats could bankrupt the federal government. (Johnson, Tennessee). Tennessees arranged a public insurance program that was interchangeable to a statewide health care to insure those without insurance.It started in 1994 and by 2005 Tennessee was forced to shut the program down due to high expenses. Basically, Tennessee well-tried to have a statewide health insurance system like to national health care and they went bankrupt. This is a reasonable model of what would eliminate on a more widespread scale. There are bigeminal financial reasons that cause a universal health care system to not work. To achieve the amount of notes to make it possible to have a universal health care system there are many sacrifices that must be made. Payroll tax, which is a 7% social security tax that we pay when we buy something, will go up.Income tax will also go up dramatically, affecting many lives. In fact, there may have to be new taxes set into place just to be able to maintain the universal healthcare or the required payments will go down. This will in turn affect the doctors by decreasing incentive. Another factor that will affect their incentive is coverage benefits. Coverage benefits will be decreased as a result of universal healthcare. For example, insurance will not cover elected care treatments, much(prenominal) as breast augmentations, cosmetics, chiropractics, etc.Payment to the specialists, such as brain surgeons, heart surgeons, etc. , will be let down dram atically. Progression in the field of medicine will dwindle due to a lack of money for clinical research. A physician to fancy more about a procedure or to experiment normally does clinical research. It takes a lot of money and time and is not funded by the government it comes from the physicians pocket. If the physicians pay lowers by so much they will not be able to do research. All of this will lead to a diminishing rate of medical progression that may ultimately come to an absolute halt.Furthermore the government will provide us, if the bill passes, with inexpensive generic drugs. This will cause the name brand companies to lose customers and money and will prevent them from ontogenesis any new prescription medicine. When funding inevitably runs low, rationing of people will begin to occur. Old people wont get care because they are old, and smokers wont get lung surgery because they are smokers. This rationing is unethical in many different ways but would be unavoidable. Even m ore unethical, is that insidious rationing, that happens in Canada, would come into play. baneful rationing is hidden rationing where, for example, a cancer patient would hold off for treatment because they were about to die. The cancer patient would wait long decent that death occurred before the needed chemotherapy. Sadly, this often occurs in Canada, due to their system of universal health care. If this happens in the United States, it would be too late to take back the legislation. However, if properly informed, there would be less supporters of the health care bill because the general populace would be unwilling to place to a plan that denied them needed coverage.Likewise, instituting torte form will partly generate expenses for this costly health plan. This is a lawsuit cap used in some other countries. If a drunken doctor accidentally cuts a healthy patients leg off, the doctor will only be able to be sued for a low set amount of money. This will save the government a minu te amount of money that would be used to support everybodys health care, while that patient would be handicapped forever without adequate compensation.Even so, Tim Foley has stated the unbiased Congressional Budget Office in 2004 conceded that the legislation for tort reform, even if it instituted a federal cap, would barely dent health care cost (Foley). The cause and effect impact on health care worker profitability including nurse pay, private practice physician pay, for profit hospitals, for profit health care insuring systems, pharmaceutical companies and other health care workers and entities will be enormous. No doubt lawyers will litigate for years the constitutionality of various healthcare reform provisions.Another concern from the Republican viewpoint is the fiscal issue of how to pay for either universal health care or a public option. Simply put, where will the money come from to pay for healthcare particularly given the current economic crisis? Next, how will a univer sal public option effect access to care, quality of care and cost of care. As the financial aid towards funding universal health care bottoms out, the quality and accessibility of health care would go down. With government in control of health care and providing insurance for all they will have less money to spend on better quality hospitals.In the Tenn caveat experiment it showed before and after pictures of the work places that were used. Hospitals had turned into summing up trailers barely big enough for an examination room with outdated computers and equipment. heavy the Quality of facilities means the lowering of quality of care given to the patients thereby increasing the number of people who go to a doctor and are unable to receive quality treatment. Thus quality of life becomes worse, and one would hope proper treatment came quickly enough to evade more serious conditions and/or death.Access to patients is denied as the quality and quantity of health care providers is decr eased by the inadequate organization and funding of a public option. One such thing noted about doctors go about with a decision to participate in a public option is that often the ones who care for our most vulnerable patients are the most sternly impacted. In communities across this nation, physicians are faced with early retirement or leaving patients that need them. The bottom line access to care is compromised. (AHA). The Health vexation Associations of America view this is as a topic of controversy that would indeed change lives greatly.Many associations including the American Hospital Association, American nubble Association, and even the American Bar Association have spoke out against health care reform including universal health care and a public option. In Conclusion, the Republican Party views the aspects of a system of universal healthcare from a cynical viewpoint. It seems that free healthcare is to good to be true and they say it is. Universal healthcare or a publi c option is unconstitutional by violation of the free enterprise system. With the saving in its current recession it is believed, by reforming ealthcare, the government will financially cripple the United States permanently. Also, almost like reverting back to a primitive state, quality of care and the access thereof could decline to impermissible standards. Now the republicans uphold the struggle against any bill passing through senate. Works Cited AHA Issues Liability Reform. American Hospital Association. American Hospital Association, 15 Oct. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Foley, Tim. Avoid Tort Reform in the Health take Bill at All Costs Universal Health Care Change. org. Universal Health Care Change. rg. 17 Mar. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 . GOP Health Care Talking Points. GOP. gov The Website of Republicans in Congress. N. p. , 11 May 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Huffington Post, The. American Medical Association Trying To Torpedo Health Care Reform Again. http//www. huffingtonpo st. com/. N. p. , 11 June 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. . Johnson, Ken. PHRMA PhRMA Statement on House Tri-Committee Health Reform Bill. PHRMA Home. N. p. , 14 July 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Jones, Ashby. Is Health-Care Reform Unconstitutional (Part II) Law Blog WSJ. WSJ Blogs WSJ. The Wall path Journal, 18 Sept. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . JOHNSON, AVERY. Tennessee Experiments High Cost Fuels Health-Care Debate WSJ. com. Business intelligence agency &038 Financial word The Wall Street Journal WSJ. com. 17 Aug. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 . Keyhani, Salomeh , and Alex Federman. NEJM &8212 Doctors on Coverage &8212 Physicians Views on a New Public indemnification selection and Medicare Expansion. The New England Journal of medicament Research &038 Review Articles on Diseases &038 Clinical Practice. N. p. , 1 Oct. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Lamm, Carolyn. Our Constitution, Debate it, Discuss it, Understand it. ABAnow. N. p. , 16 Sept. 2009. Web. 27 Oct. 2009. . McArdle, Megan. Why I Oppose content Health Care The Atlantic Business Channel. The Atlantic Business Channel. 28 July 2009. 29 Oct. 2009 . National health insurance Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 6 Oct. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 . Shear, Michael D.. Obama Pushes indemnification Reforms washingtonpost. com. washingtonpost. com nation, world, technology and Washington area news and headlines. 15 Aug. 2009. 8 Oct. 2009 . Umbenstock, Rich. AHA atmospheric pressure Release AHA Statement on House Health Reform Proposal. American Hospital Association. American Hospital Association, 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 3 Nov. 2009. . Time Magazine. Medicine Debate Over National Health Insurance TIME. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME. com. 12 Oct. 1970. 28 Oct. 2009 . Wall Street Journal. The Public Option Makes a Comeback WSJ. com. Business News &038 Financial News The Wall Street Journal WSJ. com. 22 Oct. 2009. 28 Oct. 2009 .

Reaction Paper About a Play

Reyjin C. Balas Nov. 16, 2012 DAM5PROFES1 BS-Industrial Design Page 1 DULAANG FILIPINOPresents E The Dulaang Filipino is the Colleges resident theater company. It is appoint to educate its audience on various social issues afflicting todays society. This theatrical show was held at the 5F School of Design and Arts do primary(prenominal) (DLS-CSB SDA Campus). In this play, the story began in a musical way, showing their creative costumes, sounds, colourful lighings, all the characters were dancing, singing, saying out loud their dialogues one by one.The story was all about the closed book that was happening behind the so called greatest show on Earth. There was this general manager of the worlds largest hale circus who has a number of problems on his hands for the upcoming season. because there is his maid that knows all what was happening in their place. Other main characters in the story were the two agents who tried to solve the problem / mystery up to the residue of the s tory, it wasnt solved by the two.Up to the end of the story, I was still confused about the story and the characters because there was in like manner a killing part where there were parts of the human embody that were thrown e realwhere on the stage, those hands, feet and the head that was taken off, I foolt know whos head was that, but that part was very creepy for me, the light effects helped a lot because there was in addition a smoke effect and the color of the lights at that time was red. What I liked the most in the show was the roles of the two agents. I was astonied on the way they deliver their dialogues, kung ako ang nasa lugar nila, siguro malilito atBalas 2 mabubulol na ako sa pagsasalita. The second that I liked was the part that almost all of them were manner of walking and dancing while wearing roller blades and theyre take down on the stage. May part na kinabahan ako dahil baka whitethorn biglang mahulog sa platform na gawa nila, may mga maliliit din na gulong kasi ung ilalim. The third thing that I liked was that they got my just attention for the whole time of play, and I liked their costumes, colourful and creative, even though other props were not that made well and if Im going to rate it out of ten, I will produce them an eight.

An Analysis of Obesity in America

LIB 111 9 October 2012 Our Responsibility An Analysis of Obesity in the States America is proper obese. As a community we are becoming more accepting of being overweight. Americans must make choices ab by where they eat, and how very much they eat, for themselves, as intimately as their families. It is a persons give birth responsibility to choose what they consume, non their presidential terms. Fast food is the sunrise(prenominal) baccy. Only society, non the disposal will be able to interpolate the trend Americans view their food choices.Many passel, such as First peeress Michelle Obama, in Remarks to the NAACP National Convention believe that it is the brasss personal line of credit to help control Americas obesity rates (432). Obama states that the government is proposing, a $400 million a year fund(427), to agitate health. America prides itself on the liberties of its citizens, and the government is supposed to ensure that Americans have rights, not take them aw ay. Forcing Americans to qualifying their way of eating is not the solution to obesity. In What You Eat Is Your Business written by Radley Balko, Balko duologue about how America is migrating toward socialism(396).We are migrating toward socialism by not allowing the people to think for themselves and make their testify decisions. Balko believes that we should not bring government between you and your waistline(396). He argues, w ere becoming little accountable for our own health, and more responsible for everyone elses(396). Balko makes the most validated of points by asking himself, if the government is paying for my anti-cholesterol medication, what incentive is there for me to install down the cheeseburger? (397). If the government is just going to take care of you one time you have the negative affects of fast food, you dont lack to keep on it.David Zinczenko, chief editor of Mens Health wrote, Dont Blame the bird feeder in 2002. In his essay, Zinczenko voices that the public should know part than to eat several meals a day at a fast food restaurant, however he does hold fast food restaurants responsible for not telling the public how many calories a meal contains (397). It is the governments duty to have fast food restaurants make nutritional facts available to the public. Americans kick downstairs it easiest to blame others for their faults, instead of dealings with them.In society, many people are often careless when looking out for themselves, and always claim to need the governments assistance when in need. Our government should help, but only as a last resort. Americans need to promote their own healthy lifestyle. If there is no inner propensity for a healthy lifestyle, the government should not be able to transmute your chosen way of living. Food is related to emotions. All Americans can relate to the sweet smell of their mother baking cookies on a cold day, and the melt in your mouth taste of the cordially cookies after playing outside in the cold.Judith Warner claims, the Obama nanny state is, essentially, snatching cookies-I. e. , the by-line of happiness- from the mouths of babes(401). By regulating what children are allowed to eat, it is an assault on the American way of life(401). It is a parents job to control what their children eat, not the governments. Many find that their inspiration is from ads, other people, TV, and Internet. It is society that evolves and changes into a new mindset together. tobacco sales, as argued by Judith Warner in Junking Junk Food did not drop due to the governments involvement, but because of societys advanced(a) sentry on smokers.Warner says it was a shift in cultural attitudes, not laws or regulations, that led Americans to quit smoking(404). If the harmful ingredients in tobacco can be outlawed by society, and influence Americans to live a healthier lifestyle, then society, not our government can and will be responsible for their healthy diet. One will not change their outlook on healthy living or healthy diets, based on what a government demands, it must be ones own choice to change the way they and their families eat and exercise.When society begins to evolve, without the government demanding it, people will be confident with their healthy lifestyle choices. Warner believes that social norms could change that huge portions, or eating processed foods loaded with sugar, salt and avoirdupois weight for example could become socially unacceptable(404). There is hope for American citizens to make their own decisions. It is up to American parents to control what their children eat, as well as what they are consuming. The government does not have the right to put ones personal food intake.Americans must expect their current faults, and allow for change in their lives. We must be responsible for ourselves, and not allow the government to constantly take care for their citizens as children. Works cited Balko, Radley. What You Eat Is Your Busines s. They swear/I Say with readings The Moves That take in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. second ed. cutting York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 395-397. Print. Obama, Michelle Remarks to the NAACP National Convention. They Say/I Say with readings The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing.Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 417-433 Print. Warner, Judith. Junking Junk Food. They Say/I Say with readings The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 400-404. Print. Zinczenko, David. Dont Blame the Eater. They Say/I Say with readings The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 391-392 Print.

Critical Review: with No Direction Home: Homeless Youth on the Road and in the Streets by Marni Finkelstein

In this critical review of Marni Finkelsteins ethnography With No Direction legal residence Homeless Y egressh on the Road and in the Streets I exit analyze and evaluate about of the strategies and methods subroutined by this author. One simple issue I will deal is the sample universe of discourse. Finkelstein may accept discipline the population bounds to strictly for this ethnography. Her limited observation location and while is too a major issue. She chose to break down a transient population that, very bidly, originally comes out at night. Yet, she limited herself to unmatched patriarchal location and she unaccompanied went on that point in the daytime.I will discuss the lack of follow up to the individual interviews as well. objet dart she discovered some fascinating information about this sub burnish, she did non find what she stated she initially set out to find. Finkelsteins destruction was to study gutterpunks (Finkelstein, 2005), nevertheless what she actually studied were the substance abusing homeless spring chicken of Tompkins hearty super C. In her original hypothesis she wanted to learn about alternative azoic days sub burnishs, especially those revolving around music (Finkelstein, 2005).She does not seem to sop up genteel this goal. There was little talk about music in the ethnography, on her part or the part of the kids. Was it because she found that there was no carnal shed sexledge to music or because she did not specifi chitchaty try to find callowness snarly with the music. It seems resembling she basically settled for tho plain h onenessst-to-god homeless drug addict and alcoholic kids, which would be great if her goal was not more(prenominal) specific to finding gutterpunks. The ethnography is in like manner base on an uttermost(a)ly smaller sample size.According to Finkelsteins witness numbers, she only interviewed 50 young over the period of the two summers. That seems like an extremely low number of participants for which to base an entire ethnography. I would mobilise that over a period of two summers- lets call that 6 months- a researcher would put one over the opportunity to encounter hundreds of dominance candidates to provide informational interviews. Part of the trouble may shake up been that she limited her participants ages to creation between 15-20 years old.I believe that this restriction left out a great deal of potentially vital informants and information. It may have substantially limited her population size. For example, the 25 year old, named Scratch, who had been on the streets for 10+ years, would have been a cornucopia of information. notwithstanding, all she did was use him to refer her to separate kids in her required age group. The street culture in Tompkins Squ be Park did not have age limitations. Im not sure that Finkelstein should have either.Its significant to note that all of the kids involved were heavily dependent on drugs and alcohol. Also important to note, is that she was paying her participants. This gang may have created unintended consequences. Its possible that the kids were involuntary to break vivid and imaginative stories to Finkelstein in hopes of cosmos interviewed again and, thereby, being pay again. Many of the youth were willing to admit to prostitution in differentiate to earn money for drugs or alcohol. Is it possible that they would prostitute lies about their deliver lives for the same end?Is it possible that they never truely left raw York? Did they just move into shelters in the winter? Its impossible to chouse for sure. These kids argon caught up in the culture of lies and delusion surrounding drugs that is to say, who says they arent just verbally fantasizing with Finkelstein and passing it off as the truth. The location limitation was also unfavorable for this kind of ethnography. If one is going to write ethnography about a transient population, they should become somew hat transient themselves.locomotion with the youth would necessarily be required in order to posit a full picture of their culture. The stories from the kids may have been accurate and detailed, or they may have been fabricated, notwithstanding, either way, it is not the same as having see it face-to-facely. In order to fully understand and appreciate a subsistence strategy, one must subsist from it, if only for a brief period. She might have considered a more interactive participant observation model to more fully experience their culture. Finkelstein should have gone out into the park when more kids were out and about.She mentioned that she only when out in the daylight, I would try to perish to the field site early before the kids were either too drunk to be interviewed or completely passed out in the grass (Finkelstein, 2005). Because these kids are alcoholics and drug addicts, it is very likely that lots of their life takes place afterward sundown and before sun up. I im agine that they have kind of a tolerance and are relatively functional for much of the early part of the evening. Drugs and alcohol were a major part of the kids lives (Finkelstein, 2005).I can certainly appreciate her cin one casern for personal safety, but if th is is the population she wanted to study she might have do more of an effort to be around when the activities were in full swing. She only mentioned being at one party in the book. I have to believe that there were countless similar activities during her research, of which she was not a part. I have gathered from the ethnography that Finkelstein interviewed each kid only once. From that interview, she sprinkled quotes passim the book. She mentions a few times in the book that she would interview kids and whence never see them again.For accuracy purposes, and to shake up an idea of the level of silver dollar from her informants she should have conducted multiple interviews with the same kids. This would have been more likely if she was willing to spend more time in their natural habitat. Follow up on the interviews with the youth should have been dresse. Talking with the family or schools of the kids would have added much needed detail to the ethnography. Since she was paying the kids, perhaps she could have paid more for verifiable information about their previous mainstream lives.Then followed up on the information provided and reported her results. It would have been nice to have a prick on what their families and teachers said about how the kids were before their lives on the street. Perhaps, verifying or debunking some of the information the kids told her. Its not only important that the kids are on the street, but why. What lead them there and are the youth truthful overall? It would have been interesting if Finkelstein could have interviewed ex-Tomkins straightforwardly Park kids for her book. Do they ever get out?Do they move on to different arenas for homelessness as they age? Clea rly, in Chapter 9, the kids have plans for the future. Its also clear that their plans are of then just a parceld illusion. They dont currently have the means or the wherewithal to accomplish the goals theyve set out. The kids, like Jeff and Joyce, clearly have plans to buy land, but no real idea of the amount of money it requires. I am sure there are people that did grow up and out of this subculture. I would like to have heard from them on how they got out and what became of their lives.I cant say that have the answer on how to find them either, but it would have been interesting. Finkelstein did make macro conclusions from individual or micro level research. But she does come up with some interesting information about the small group of Tompkins Square Park youth she interviewed. This should not be disregarded, as homeless youth often are. It was eye opening to pear into this culture and community. The homeless kids often had a common bond because of prior abuse. (Finkelstein, 2 005) They also bonded out of shared needs.Whether those needs be drugs, alcohol, or nutrient, they were willing to share with those they knew were in the same situation. When they would panhandle they would pool their money with other youth. If one got some food, he or she would share it with another who was nearby. This happened specifically when Finkelstein bought some pizza for a youth named Tommy. Although he was starving himself, he effortfully walked across the street to give half of it to a girl who was panhandling. Tommy did not know the girl he just knew they shared the common bond of being homeless.The Tompkins Square Park youth considered themselves away from mainstream culture. Yet, they required it for survival. If they were truly apart from society they would have been growing or hunting for food. They would have travelled from place to place on foot. That simply did not happen. Wasting of food by mainstream society allowed them the opportunity to dumpster dive for food. Caring people would sometimes buy them food. Modern modes of transportation allowed them to travel around the country in quick fashion. The kids panhandled and begged for money.They participated in this ethnography because they were getting paid to do it. While the youth would like to consider themselves apart from mainstream, the reality is that they are just one part of it. What one has to keep in mind always, is that these are not highly idealistic youth as much as they are kids caught in the fog of drug and alcohol addictions. From the drugs and alcohol came the extreme level of violence. These youth walked around with weapons, usually a knife or things called smileys. The smiley would be made from a bicycle chain which sometimes had be quiet on it too.This weapon appears to have the capability of causing some beautiful disfiguring injuries. These kids have no qualms about deploying these weapons. In fact it seems to be a regular event. This level of unreported violence is definitely one scene of action where they keeping themselves separate from mainstream society. The question for me is Are they reverting to more uncivil behaviors because of the lack of civilized structure or is the alcohol and drug use the main problem. Finkelsteins ethnography is a remarkable piece of anthropological work. It s also possible to learn from some of her mistakes. She states that her objective is to study the relationship between music and this subculture of kids on the street. She never makes any nevertheless reference to that issue. How did the music play a part in this culture? She stated that the size of the street kid population is substantial, approximately one C million worldwide, but she only had 50 youths in her study. She interviewed them only once without and any follow up with the youth themselves or their families, school, or other organizations.Furthermore, she studied a transient population from one single location, primarily Tompkins Square Par k. It would seem appropriate to have traveled with this population to get a real sense of their culture. Did they act in California as they acted in New York? Did they really travel at all? A main concern is that this work is based on personal stories from youth who are deluded by drugs and alcohol. There is no real verification of the facts presented. From these personal stories Finkelstein makes claims about all homeless youth, when she should really just be discussing Tompkins Square Park youths.